PERKEMBANGAN PEMIKIRAN HAM DI INDONESIA DAN DUNIA INTERNASIONAL

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the evolution of human rights thought both internationally and within Indonesia, as well as its relevance to national legal and political dynamics in promoting and enforcing human rights. The research employs a library research method using conceptual and historical approaches. Secondary data were collected from various authoritative sources, including academic books, peer-reviewed journals, legal documents, constitutional provisions, and international human rights instruments. The findings reveal that the development of international human rights thought originated from natural law theory and gradually evolved into universally recognized legal norms through major international instruments, particularly the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). In Indonesia, human rights thought has developed dynamically alongside political transformation, ranging from the post-independence period to the Reformasi era, which significantly strengthened constitutional and statutory guarantees for human rights protection. Nevertheless, effective implementation continues to face major challenges, including weak law enforcement, political interests, institutional limitations, and persistent social inequality. This study concludes that the successful realization of human rights requires not only comprehensive legal frameworks but also strong governmental commitment, institutional accountability, and increased public awareness to uphold the principles of justice, equality, and human dignity.